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Conceptual

Domestic work has gendered meaning and content of both masculinity and femininity is strongly embedded in the cultural context. In our article, across three studies we analyse the perception of household duties and their division between partners in two countries differing with regard to gender equality levels: Norway and Poland. In our Study 1, Polish (N = 64, 40 women, M_age = ) and Norwegian (N = 45, 27 women, M_age = ) students rated the typicality of domestic duties for women and men in Poland and in Norway. Our results show that feminine-typed or masculine-typed household duties are perceived as less gendered in Norway than in Poland. In the second Study, using a sample consisting of students and internet users from Poland (N = 207, 92 women, M_age = ) and Norway (N = 126, 85 women, M_age = (SD = ), we investigated whether there are Polish-Norwegian differences with regard to willingness to be more involved in household obligations. Overall, Norwegian men and women were more willing to perform household tasks. This result also found confirmation in results obtained with larger representative samples in Study 3. Using European Social Survey records of 889 Poles (429 women, M_age = ) and 990 Norwegians (452 women, M_age = ) we compared data concerning men’s and women’s perception of their and their partners’ contribution to housework. Our results show that cultural context can relate to the perception of household duties that are perceived more gender-neutral in Norway than in Poland.

Addition

Men round the societies is actually under pressure to help you follow norms such as for instance just like the agency, popularity, pursuit of high social status, and you may most importantly prevention regarding womanliness (Berent et al. 2015; Mahalik ainsi que al. 2003). Hence being associated with domestic efforts are perhaps not considered to be a good people’s employment however, a great woman’s business, and that men should not take part in (Poortman and you may Van der Lippe 2009; Bosson and you will Vandello 2013). The latest the amount that cleaning is similarly divided anywhere between female and you may men relies on the level of gender equivalence for the confirmed nation. Inside countries that have higher degrees of gender equality, people manage significantly more comparable spots regarding the society and it’s more common for males as focused on domestic works compared to nations that have straight down gender equivalence (Glick & Fiske, 2001; Timber and you may Eagly 2012). While the posited of the biosocial framework model, social thinking throughout the gender positions correspond with people’s findings of activities of females and you will men within area, therefore if people observe female caring for youngsters and you will creating home errands then they believe that ladies are far more ideal for carrying out residential functions than just dudes (Eagly and you will Steffen 1984; Timber and you can Eagly 2012). These types of gender role inferences, in turn, bring sex-differentiated choices that is including manifested in the women’s and you may men’s maturity and you will obligation to-be involved in home-based performs – scientific conclusions inevitably demonstrate that regardless of gender equivalence amounts of the country, really domestic negotiating looks like having feminine being far more accountable for housework (Coltrane 2000; Ehrenberg et al. 2001; Fuwa 2004).

Discrepancy between men’s room and you may women’s display inside domestic chores constitutes a great noticeable gender gap from the family unit members. This gap is specifically visible whenever efforts are labeled inside the male-authored and you will feminine-blogged cleaning (Schneider 2012). According to Tai and you may Treas (2013), there can be nearly universal department of errands into the masculine-penned (grass works, small fixes) and you will women-had written work (age.grams. washing, cleaning, ill worry) considering studies off thirty-two regions. The latter gang of duties contains tasks, which can be highly precluded by dudes (Treas and you will Tai 2010), because they may be thought to be big date-ingesting and dull, as opposed to masculine-composed tasks such as for instance family repair, auto fix, yard functions that will be noticed a great deal more relaxation and you will episodic (Bianchi mais aussi al. 2006). Aside from the biosocial build model (Wood and you may Eagly 2012), a special possible explanation for french women why men will refrain from performing feminine-authored circumstances is the anxiety about not-being perceived as macho enough. Dick is made such as agencies and you can an enthusiastic anti-womanliness mandate which discourages dudes as in products hence is women and you may public eg childcare and you will domestic really works (Bosson and you can Vandello 2013; Caswell et al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka ainsi que al. 2016b; Schneider 2012). Avoiding housework will be ergo a proven way in which guys compensate for threats on their maleness and steer clear of bad appraisal off their community players just who expect guys to get manly and you can abstain from women work (Caswell ainsi que al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka mais aussi al. 2016b). Thus, masculine lovers don’t use up enough share off gendered home personal debt, which may allow it to be feminine getting a whole lot more apparent from the labour b).